Literary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson

Literary Analysis of the Short Story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson explores the subject of tradition in her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. A short story is normally evaluated based on its ability to provide a satisfying and complete presentation of its characters and themes. Shirley describes a small village that engages in an annual tradition known as â€Å"the lottery†. Narrating the story from a third person point of view, Shirley uses symbolism, foreshadowing and suspense to illustrate the danger of blindly observing barbaric traditions. Shirley employs symbolism to represent the barbaric traditions that the village observe. â€Å"The lottery† and its rules for instance symbolize any barbaric behavior, action or notion that is†¦show more content†¦Most of the seemingly harmless details in the short story foreshadow the unfortunate ending. â€Å"Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones†¦ the ot her boys†¦selecting the smoothest and roundest stones† seems like innocuous play until they are used at the end of the story to kill Tessie (Jackson 311). Mr. Summer comment when Tessie arrives at the square is strangely prophetic about Tessie’s fate â€Å"Thought we were going to have to get on without you† (Jackson 313). Furthermore, it is evident that tension is building up throughout the day as the villagers wait to participate in the lottery. The third paragraphs describes the mood of the day, the men smile as opposed to laugh, the children are reluctant to respond to when they are called upon while the women engage in gossip (Jackson 312). The mood presents an undercut of the horror, which defines the story. Furthermore, the children’s reaction suggests that they might be conscious of the ritual that is to happen and may be terrified to participate in the stoning. This further illustrates the foreshadowing of the lottery tradition. Jackson prese nts the subject of the ritual of â€Å"the lottery† through a series of suspense in the story. By relentlessly withholding explanation behind the villagers’ actions, the author builds suspense in the story until Tessie receives the first stone (Jackson 317). The narrator provides lots of information about theShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habitRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson870 Words   |  4 Pagesbubbly; oppositions of one another. This is how one of our honored authors, Shirley Jackson, writes her short stories. She uses positive and giggly descriptions at first, and then twists the rope to dark and bizarre ending. The short stories,†Charles† and â€Å"The Lottery†, are examples of this format. In the first short story, Laurie seems like a good boy but really, he’s not. In the second short story, the pe ople in this lottery seem polite, but they are cruel and awful people. The protagonist in thisRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Literary Analysis1042 Words   |  5 Pages Shirley Jackson s ‘The Lottery’ is a classic American short story known for its shocking twist ending and its insightful commentary on cultural traditions. It was originally printed in The New Yorker magazine in 1948.The tale begins with all the villagers gathering in the town square for the annual lottery as if it were just another day. Children are playing with stones while the adults swap stories of farming and gossip. It s not until the lottery begins, over halfway through the storyRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirley jackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreUse of Symbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson981 Words   |  4 Pagesstrive to do what’s right, and to show our strength against our greatest rivals. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† there was a village that practice an ancient sacrificial killing for something in return from the gods. In this case, what the villagers received in return were well grown crops for food. The whole village would gather up once a year to have a traditional sacrifice they called The Lottery. The villagers would have their kids choose out stones for the village. Once they are all together withRead MoreAn Unkindness of Tradition: Shirley Jackson ´s Biography1624 Words   |  7 Pagesform is that of suspense and mystery. Shirley Jackson takes mystery to a distinctive level. She depicts an era that has not yet been revealed. By looking at the background of this author, analyzing her writing and responding personally you will better enhance your learning experience and connection with this type of dark literature. Author Biography Shirley Jackson was an extremely well liked American author during the 1900s. However, in recent years literary critics, as well as the education systemRead MoreThe Unexpected Surprise of Violence1009 Words   |  5 Pagesvalued once risks are taken, but the outcome is never expected. Shirley Jackson, reader of witchcraft books, horrifies people with her perspective on the understanding of merciless rituals that kept communities at ease. Shirley Jackson develops her theme of unexpected violence in her short story â€Å"The Lottery† through the use of irony, symbolism, and denouement. On a summer day in a small town in the short story, â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson takes advantage of the peaceful environment and adds a convolutedRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificedRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesKouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are the firstRead MoreAnalysis Of Jackson s The Lottery899 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† In the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, we see the different literary elements she uses to unfold her story. Literary elements help readers to interpret and appreciate the works of a writer. In this Essay I will show you the three most prominent literary elements that were used, and how they add to the suspense, and surprise of the story. These literary elements are point of view, theme, and tone and style. The first literary element of this story is Literary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson Silly, but scary, emo but bubbly; oppositions of one another. This is how one of our honored authors, Shirley Jackson, writes her short stories. She uses positive and giggly descriptions at first, and then twists the rope to dark and bizarre ending. The short stories,†Charles† and â€Å"The Lottery†, are examples of this format. In the first short story, Laurie seems like a good boy but really, he’s not. In the second short story, the people in this lottery seem polite, but they are cruel and awful people. The protagonist in this story is Tessie. In â€Å"Charles†, the protagonist is Laurie. As of now, this character attends kindergarten. He went from overalls and bibs to blue jeans and belts. He seems like a regular boy, right? Well, let me tell†¦show more content†¦Perfect combination; that’s what you though. Well, in the lottery, whoever is chosen gets something in return. Classical lottery, very ordinary and dull i may say. However , the story states, â€Å"A stone hit her head, come on, come on everybody.† As a result, the chosen one, Tessie, is the one who won the lottery. You may think it is a good thing, but really, it is not. The chosen one gets stones thrown at her by every one of the villagers until she dies. You may ask, how do they know that this Tessie woman is the chosen one? Well, she had a black dot which reveals the she is the one. Normally, you want to win a lottery, however, here, you really do not (unless you want to be killed). So cruel, so messed up, but I believe that the chosen one is considered as a â€Å"witch† or just a random person to be killed for the human population to remain normal. As you can see, Shirley Jackson sure has a good taste in writing stories. In general, her style of writing is very intriguing. She starts off calm and ends with a knot that cannot be untied. In the research article about Jackson, it states â€Å"The world of Shirley Jackson is eerie and unforgettable. It is a place where things are not what they seem; even on a day that is sunny and clear,.... There is a threat of darkness looming.† This clarifies that all her stories have aShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson910 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Short Story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson explores the subject of tradition in her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. A short story is normally evaluated based on its ability to provide a satisfying and complete presentation of its characters and themes. Shirley describes a small village that engages in an annual tradition known as â€Å"the lottery†. Narrating the story from a third person point of view, Shirley uses symbolism, foreshadowing and suspense to illustrateRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habitRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Literary Analysis1042 Words   |  5 Pages Shirley Jackson s ‘The Lottery’ is a classic American short story known for its shocking twist ending and its insightful commentary on cultural traditions. It was originally printed in The New Yorker magazine in 1948.The tale begins with all the villagers gathering in the town square for the annual lottery as if it were just another day. Children are playing with stones while the adults swap stories of farming and gossi p. It s not until the lottery begins, over halfway through the storyRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreUse of Symbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson981 Words   |  4 Pagesstrive to do what’s right, and to show our strength against our greatest rivals. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† there was a village that practice an ancient sacrificial killing for something in return from the gods. In this case, what the villagers received in return were well grown crops for food. The whole village would gather up once a year to have a traditional sacrifice they called The Lottery. The villagers would have their kids choose out stones for the village. Once they are all together withRead MoreAn Unkindness of Tradition: Shirley Jackson ´s Biography1624 Words   |  7 Pagesform is that of suspense and mystery. Shirley Jackson takes mystery to a distinctive level. She depicts an era that has not yet been revealed. By looking at the background of this author, analyzing her writing and responding personally you will better enhance your learning experience and connection with this type of dark literature. Author Biography Shirley Jackson was an extremely well liked American author during the 1900s. However, in recent years literary critics, as well as the education systemRead MoreThe Unexpected Surprise of Violence1009 Words   |  5 Pagesvalued once risks are taken, but the outcome is never expected. Shirley Jackson, reader of witchcraft books, horrifies people with her perspective on the understanding of merciless rituals that kept communities at ease. Shirley Jackson develops her theme of unexpected violence in her short story â€Å"The Lottery† through the use of irony, symbolism, and denouement. On a summer day in a small town in the short story, â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson takes advantage of the peaceful environment and adds a convolutedRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificedRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesKouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are the firstRead MoreAnalysis Of Jackson s The Lottery899 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† In the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, we see the different literary elements she uses to unfold her story. Literary elements help readers to interpret and appreciate the works of a writer. In this Essay I will show you the three most prominent literary elements that were used, and how they add to the suspense, and surprise of the story. These literary elements are point of view, theme, and tone and style. The first literary element of this story is

Analysis Of The Movie Paper Planes - 829 Words

Paper Planes Analysis While watching the movie Paper Planes it is rather obvious the director of the movie, Robert Connelly, has some very strong views about certain issues. He has strong views about winning or losing, and it is clear that he thinks it is more about having fun than winning. Connelly has views on other issues as well, such as problems between fathers and sons. There are also some themes in the movie about moving on with past and focusing on the present and the future. He uses various techniques to prove his points to the viewers. One of these is to have two characters, one that has the same concerns as him, and is likeable, and the other who is the exact opposite, and is dislikeable. These make it clear to the viewer that he has strong views. The movie has a rather large theme of it not mattering whether you win or lose, you should just have fun and play fair. This is made pretty obvious by having three characters who fall into different ends of this spectrum, Jason, Dylan, And Kimi. Jaso n is someone who is only ever playing to win, and does not care if other people are having fun. Dylan still wants to win, but as long as everyone has fun, he is happy. Kimi is the character at the bottom end of this spectrum. She doesn’t really care at all who wins and who loses, she just wants to make something beautiful. This does not mean that she does not want to win, it just means winning is not her top priority. It is clear that Connelly has strong views on thisShow MoreRelatedScene Analysis : Paper Moon748 Words   |  3 PagesScene Analysis 1: Paper Moon Han Chul woo, 75288757 Film and Media Studies 85A This essay will contain lucid analysis of the brief clip from the film Paper Moon (Peter Bogdanovich, 1973), including specific techniques of mise-en-scene or cinematography used in the clip. 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Case study on Tata Motors International Strategy - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about The Tata Motors Case Study. Answer: Source Problems The business vertical chosen for the conducting the case study analysis Tata is Tata motors. The study will put emphasis on various issues and problems faced by Tata motors while adopting globalization as international strategy of expansion. Tata motors globally aims in maintaining the traditional value and the image of the brand in the target market. The diversification strategies along with the management strategies of the business division of Tata motors will be discussed in the study[1]. Apart from that, there are recruitment problems, maintenance of corporate social responsibility and upgrading of the standards of the company at global level. The main source problem lies in managing the tradition of Ratan Tata in the different business verticals of the conglomerate company. Tata Motors at global level is facing some issues in the organizational level. The role model of all the business verticals is the world famous culture of Ratan Tata[2]. Secondary Problems Secondary problems faced by Tata motors are categorized into short term and long-term categories. The problems discussed in this section will have an impact on the future regarding profitability of the business verticals. Short term Tata motors is facing an economic downturn due to the slowdown of economy not only in Indian market but also in other countries. The B and C category of cars are facing losses, as they are not selling at a first pace. There are many car companies such as Mahindra, Nissan, Skoda, Volkswagen, Hyundai, Honda, etc. that are selling the same categories of cars in the market[3]. In the section of commercial vehicles, Tata motors face tough competition from brands like Mercedes Benz, Volvo and Navistar. Long Term Tata motors is facing issues in entering into new markets. the main of the company is to achieve a substantial market share. The cost of manufacturing cars from the raw materials available in the foreign country is a challenging factor. The company is facing issues in maintaining a low cost of manufacturing of different models of cars in the foreign country[4]. Analysis The part of analysis includes the detailed analysis of the problems faced by the automobile section of the Tata conglomerate. The main problems of Tata motors includes in the expansion strategy along with the maintenance of operation of different processes of business in the foreign countries. It is seen that Tata motors faces huge cost in the manufacturing sites of different vehicles[5]. The company is lacking in finding proper supplier list in the target country. The core culture of Tata is focusing on the research and development department of its various divisions of business. Tata motors also emphasize on the development of new features on the vehicles manufactured by the company especially in the car section. SWOT analysis along with BCG matrix of the different products of Tata motors will also be described in the analysis section of the study[6]. Strengths: Strengths of Tata Motors include its strong brand image. The main market of Tata motors is its domestic market i.e. India. Customers of India along with other countries such as United States have a good knowledge of the ethics and culture followed by Tata motors in the company. Apart from that, the companys strong focus in the research and development department is considered as core strength[7]. Weaknesses: Apart from having much strength, there are many weaknesses that are prevalent in Tata motors, Recruitment of desired candidates in the strategic department is absent in the different branches of Tata motors. Formulating proper strategy related to globalization and internalization is not done properly as there are no competent managers that will take care of the international client relations of the company[8]. It also causes problems in the adoption of proper strategy of mergers and acquisitions with other foreign countries. Opportunities: Opportunities for Tata motors include immense opportunities in the foreign markets. The automobile industry worldwide is very competitive in nature. There are many countries where Tata has not entered their automobile business verticals. Tata has a worldwide reputation and has different scopes related to the operational and expansion strategies[9]. Threats: Threats of Tata motors refers to the increasing competition in the global markets. In Indian markets, many automobile companies are entering into the country for their increased sales. Lack of integration between the international strategies with the organizational goals is also considered as a threat to the organization. Ansoff Matrix of Tata motors Ansoff Matrix Analysis The Ansoff Matrix of the company describes about the position of different vehicles of Tata motors in different position of the matrix. It shows about the section of problems faced by the company in the global level along with the market share. Tata Motors can develop its new product in the new market[10]. Another problem of globalization of Tata motors is merger and acquisition. The company has done two mergers with Land Rover and Jaguar cars. The success of the merger depends on the proper implementation of the strategy regarding the internalization of the company. Internal problem is the reason of improper implementation of the strategies in the different internationalization policies. Sometimes the company chooses wrong entry modes to penetrate foreign markets. It leads to lower market share in the company. It is noticed that the market of Tata motors gradually falls in the international market due to technical bounces[11]. This is a short term in nature. Buy on stock is an issue that is hindering the company to earn its reputation and deserving market share in the target countries[12]. As per the BCG Matrix, the company has many products or vehicles that lead the company to earn huge profits. Many models of cars are not selling up to the expectation of the company. The sales prediction usually fails in many issues of strategic management and Criteria of Evaluation The evaluation of the Tata companies helped in accomplishing the goals. Vision and strategy of the company is accomplished through the four segments that will be discussed in the form of performance indicators. The performance indicators used for the evaluation of the strategies are as follows: Financial: Financial indicators include the main section of repaying the debt that Tata motors have lend from the bank. Reduction should be present in the debt level that is mentioned in the balance sheet. It should be performed within five years. Customer: With the development of the new car segments, Tata motors will be able to target new segments of customers in the newly penetrated foreign markets. The company should make a projection of the future sales that are targeted based on the target customers. International Business Processes: Development in the small car segment for higher income segments. Within the coming years, the availability of the product and the improvement of sales in the various segments of cars at tomorrow. Learning and growth: The vision, mission and the goals for improving the internalization strategies along with some internal operational problems are considered under the learning and growth of the employees and company as a whole[13]. Alternatives The major feasible actions are categorized under short term and long-term categories. These alternatives can be used if the recommended strategies are not working properly in the practical field. Short term Various types of trainings and developmental programs are formed for the present employees of Tata motors so that they can manage the operations of the company. Cross-cultural communication is practiced so that these managers can communicate with the other managers that are located in the foreign locations. It will help in cracking the deals of Tata automobiles with other companies. It is an alternative method that Tata motors can use instead of recruitment and selection of new candidates from the countries as it is a time and cost incurring method. Long term Long term strategies includes the proper selection of entry modes while capturing a market share in a foreign countries. The company can also think other strategies that will motivate the research and development department of the company to develop several approach and strategies both for developing models in commercial vehicles and small cars for middle-income group people. In the developing countries, there are many people that belong to middle-income group. They are considered as huge segments of target customers for the company[14]. Recommended Strategy Short term The recruitment policies of the company must be changed or modified as per the current trends of the market. Employees will shift to other companies if they found competitive advantage in the required designation. However, Tata has many advantages in the schemes of HR policies. However, there are lack of people that are actually eligible in the designations that are involved in the internalization. Organizational culture is not followed properly in many verticals of Tata automobiles. The senior management should focus on this issue particularly to cope up the gap created by the officials of the organization. Long term Tata motors have to formulate sustainable strategies related to the manufacturing sites that are present in foreign location. It should also focus on formulating strategies that controls the cost of production of the cars in the manufacturing sites of the company. Research and development department should find some new features and systems that attract the customers compared to other products of the market[15]. Focusing on higher price segment cars in developed countries of North American and Europe will lead to profitability and increase in the market share. Selection of proper entry mode while penetrating a new target market is essential for maintaining market share in the global automobile market. Justification of Recommendations The recommendations that are suggested in the previous paragraphs for the short term and long-term categories are justified. There are many strategies Tata can implement to mitigate the strategic issues in the field of globalization and internalization. However, the above-recommended strategies are the best methods of solution provided to the company. Recruitment of the deserving candidates by implementing improved methods is the best solution that can easily handle the organizational problems[16]. Employee benefits are also introduced for the new recruited employees to motivate them in their field of work. Development of cars for the high-income segment in the foreign countries is a good example of long-term strategy that will help in gaining a significant market share in the global automobile market. Innovation in the field of the research and development is an example of development of new products in the market. Various policies of management should be introduced in the organizat ional level and its impact on other operational process of the company is essential for the long-term success. Short-term policies are involved in the change of the environment and process of operations in the manufacturing facilities of Tata motors at different foreign locations. Implementation, Control and Follow-up Creating recommendations for the company is not the only task to be commenced. It is important for the mangers of the company to check whether the recommended strategies are properly implemented in the company or not. The management team of the company in different branches must control implementation of the recommended approaches. A centralized approach should be followed in the management of the organization. Control of the new strategies helps in mitigating the effect of these approaches in the respective divisions of the company. Follow up of the approaches is a crucial thing that is used by the middle level management for checking the degree of implementation. A team should be framed in every branch of Tata motors so that they are responsible for creating a report on the working procedures of the new strategies formulated for the Tata motors. Various departments of the implemented approaches must communicate with the head present in the branches of the office. References Agarwal, Ritu, and Peter Weill. "The benefits of combining data with empathy."MIT Sloan Management Review54, no. 1 (2012): 35. Banerjee, Bhabatosh. "Working Capital Management in Tata Motors Ltd."The MA Journal51, no. 5 (2016): 84-87. Becker-Ritterspach, Florian, and Gert Bruche. "Capability creation and internationalization with business group embeddednessthe case of Tata Motors in passenger cars."European Management Journal30, no. 3 (2012): 232-247. Bhardwaj, Garima, and Sumit Agarwal. "Business ethics and corporate social responsibility at tata group."International Journal in Management Social Science2, no. 9 (2014): 37-47. Farooque, Asma. "An empirical study on identifying developing the training program for problem solvingTata Motors Ltd, Lucknow."ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research5, no. 11 (2015): 30-39. Grant, Robert M.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Kamley, Sachin, Shailesh Jaloree, and R. S. Thakur. "Long Term and Short Term Investment Strategy for Predicting the Performance of BSE using MLP Model."Indian Journal of Science and Technology8, no. 22 (2015). Khosla, Rekha. "Knowledge Transfer Mechnasims: A Study of Tata Motors."Review of Knowledge Management3, no. 1/2 (2013): 23. Lim, Chaisung, Seokhee Han, and Hiroshi Ito. "Capability building through innovation for unserved lower end mega markets."Technovation33, no. 12 (2013): 391-404. Maya, G., and Uma Rani. "PERMANENT PROBLEMS OF TEMPORARY WORKERS IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY."International Journal of Logistics Supply Chain Management Perspectives2, no. 4 (2013): 679. Mullick, N. H., and Gaurav Tripathi. "FIAT: a good product with a wrong strategy."Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies3, no. 1 (2013): 1-13. Perwez, Syed Khalid, Abdul Khalique, H. Ramaseshan, and T. N. V. R. Swamy. "The Link between Salary and Psychiatric Problems among the Industrial Workers."Asian Social Science10, no. 7 (2014): 87. Perwez, Syed Khalid, Abdul Khalique, H. Ramaseshan, TNV R. Swamy, and Mohammed Mansoor. "Nature of Job and Psychiatric Problems: The Experiences of Industrial Workers."Global journal of health science7, no. 1 (2015): 288. Trivedi, Lisa. "David Arnold. Everyday Technology: Machines and the Making of India's Modernity."The American Historical Review119, no. 5 (2014): 1667-1668. Verma, S. S. "Latest developments of a compressed air vehicle: A status report."Global Journal of Research In Engineering13, no. 1 (2013). Williams, Timothy, and Nicholas S. Vonortas. "Strategic Alliances/Knowledge-Intensive Partnerships." InInnovation Policy, pp. 47-63. Springer New York, 2015.

Philosophy - Nozicks Entiltlement Theory Essays -

Philosophy - Nozick's Entiltlement Theory According to Nozick there are three sets of rules of justice, defining: 1. how things not previously possessed by anyone may be acquired; 2. how possession may be transferred from one person to another; and 3. what must be done to rectify injustices arising from violations of (1) and (2). A distribution is just if it has arisen in accordance with these three sets of rules. See pp. 151-2. Nozick does not try to specify in detail the rules under the above three headings ('I shall not attempt that task here', p. 153). However, he does give some further information on rules of acquisition; see p. 174ff. He follows John Locke who as Nozick interprets him held that a person has a right (1) to own what he makes, and (2) to appropriate anything not already owned, provided he leaves 'enough and as good' for others - i.e. provided his appropriation leaves them no worse off. (Nozick calls this the 'Lockean proviso'.) It is not clear how Nozick would defend (1) against his own criticisms of Locke (p. 174-5). As for (2), he points out that the proviso cannot reasonably be taken to mean that there can be no worsening of others' opportunities to appropriate; it must mean that in other respects they are no worse off. Nozick raises the question 'No worse than they would be how?' What is the baseline? In Rawls's theory the representative worst-off person must be no worse off than he would be under any other possible arrangement. Nozick rejects this, but does not define another baseline: 'This question of fixing a baseline needs more detailed investigation that we are able to give it here'; p. 177. However, 'whether or not Locke's particular theory of appropriation can be spelled out so as to handle various difficulties, I assume that any adequate theory of Justice in acquisition will contain a proviso similar to the weaker of the ones we have attributed to Locke'; p. 178. Nozick says that the proviso is violated if a person appropriates all of something necessary to life - or purchases it, or combines with the other owners of it, or finds himself the sole owner when other supplies are lost (e.g. when all the other water holes dry up). Nozick refers to the possibility of losing entitlement to something that was originally yours because of developments since, such as the drying up of other waterholes, as the 'historical shadow' of the Lockean proviso; p. 180. Comparison with Rawls's Theory Nozick classifies theories of justice as (1) either end-result or historical, and (2) either patterned or unpatterned. The entitlement theory is historical and unpatterned. It does not demand that the distribution resulting from just acquisitions, transfers and rectifications be patterned, i.e. correlated with anything else (such as moral merit, need, usefulness to society); people may be entitled to things got by chance or gift. Any distribution, irrespective of any pattern it may or may not have, is just provided it has the appropriate history, provided it did in fact come about in accordance with the rules of acquisition, transfer and rectification. Rawls's theory on the other hand, is an end-result theory. Choice of principles behind a 'veil of ignorance', must be based on calculations about what people are likely to end up with under the various possible sets of principles - there is no other way of choosing (is there?); p. 202. Therefore if any historical entitlement theory is correct, Rawls's approach is wrong. Notice that this imposes on Rawls in the job of showing that no possible version of an historical entitlement theory could be correct. He might reply that he intends to stick to his own theory until someone actually produces a correct entitlement theory; Nozick has not, because his theory is merely a sketch with many important details not worked out. Nozick points out (p. 207 ff) an analogy between his own entitlement theory and the process by which in Rawls's theory the rules of justice are arrived at. Rawls specifies an initial situation and a process of deliberation, and say that whatever rules results from this are the rules of justice; similarly Nozick specifies a process, and says that whatever distribution results is just. 'Each theory specifies starting points and processes of transformation, and each accepts whatever comes out'. But Rawls's process for generating principles cannot generate process principles, but only end-result principles. Nozick says that this is ironic. It presents a dilemma: if processes are 'so great', it is a defect that the process cannot lead